Since DMF activates AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway to promote autophagy, and that mitochondria are a major source of ROS, it can be presumed that selective removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy is a protective effect of DMF in offspring kidneys against DEX+HF-induced oxidative stress damage. The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is hydrops fetalis.