PSEN1 and Alzheimer disease: Aβ plaques, the aggregated complex of full length Aβ, Aβ40 and Aβ42, is accelerated by the mutation of APP and presenilin-1 (Psen-1) and activates glial cells to further stimulate proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in the brain of AD patients and animal models such as 5xFAD-transgenic (5xFAD-Tg) mice, resulting in the neuronal damage and loss6,7.