Finally, we investigated the autophagic state of these same human breast cancer tissues by IHC staining for the autophagy mediators p62/SQSTM1 (Supplementary Fig. 4a, b), LC3 (Supplementary Fig. 4c, d), and Atg3 (Supplementary Fig. 4e, f), whose expression was compared with that of Pfkfb3 (Fig. 5k). Here, ATG3 is linked to breast carcinoma.