TNFSF10 and carcinoma: Separately from the classical signal transduction pathways via caspase 8 activation leading to apoptosis, TRAIL can activate alternative signal transduction pathways, provoking NF-kB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Src, and Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), which are known to promote the malignancy of carcinoma cells [24].