Key molecules involved in this process are (1) IL-1β and TNF-α, pro-inflammatory cytokines that induce adhesion molecules for innate immune cells migrating to sites of infection, (2) IL-2, a T cell growth factor that stimulates T cell proliferation, (3) IFN-γ, produced by Th1 effector CD4 + T cells that regulates CD8 + T cell differentiation to clear the viral infection, and (4) IL-10, a negative regulator of inflammation that reduces host damage caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines during the recuperation phase of infection (reviewed in [35]). Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.