CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been successful at mediating immunotherapy responses in subgroups of patients with melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, or renal cell carcinoma, among others 8, 10.