As discussed by Herman and colleagues (31), the cost of metformin was significantly lower than the acarbose cost in the “Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus trial” (US$ 1 400 per person annually), and “Rosiglitazone in the Diabetes Reduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone medication trial” (US$ 2 000 per person annually) in 2006 (28). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.