For example, infection of human embryonic neural progenitor cells with JCPyV resulted in significant upregulation of the cytokines/chemokines such as CCL5/RANTES, GRO, CXCL1/GROα, CXCL16, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL5/ENA78, and CXCL10/IP-10 and the chemokine receptor CXCR2. Here, CXCL5 is linked to infection.