CCL2 and infection: Infection of human cortical collecting duct epithelial cells with BKPyV resulted in downregulation of TNFα expression, but upregulation of the TNF receptors 1 and 2, TLR3, RIG-1, IL-6, IL-8/CXC8, CCL5/RANTES, CCL2/MCP-1, and CXCL10/IP-10 [258,259,260].