TNF and Insulin resistance: For instance, elevation in circulating TNFα levels (observed in tissues such as adipose (Hotamisligil et al., 1993) and muscle (Saghizadeh, Ong, Garvey, Henry, & Kern, 1996)) causes a downstream activation of stress kinases, triggering TNF‐mediated insulin resistance and glucose dyshomeostasis (reviewed in Hotamisligil, 2017b).