Using the first knock-in mouse model of AD (AppNL-F/NL-F) (Saito et al. 2014), we showed an age-dependent increase in the pathological hallmarks of AD, including Αβ and microglial and reactive astrocytes, and several novel observations in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, which are illustrated in the schematic circuit diagram in Figure 9. Here, PPIB is linked to Alzheimer disease.