DMD and Turner syndrome: Fujii et al. (2009) summarized the mechanism for female DMD and BMD as the following five cases: uniparental disomy of the entire X chromosome with mutations, skewed X inactivation either balanced X-autosome translocation patients or in the female carriers with dystrophin mutation, Turner syndrome with a dystrophin mutation on the remaining X chromosome, co-occurrence of mutations in both dystrophin and androgen receptor genes, and double dystrophin mutations on both X chromosomes.