In Duchenne MD (DMD), the cardiac and skeletal muscle wasting cascade believed to be partly regulated by TGF-β can be attenuated by losartan treatment, resulting in reduced serum CK, fibrosis, and calcification in the gastrocnemius, diaphragm and myocardium of mdx mouse model of DMD [13,14]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.