NDUFS4 and Failure to thrive: Ndusf4 gene inactivation in glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons of both male and female mice resulted in failure to thrive and premature death (Figure 1B–F); however, there was no effect on survival, body weight, or motor function when Ndufs4 expression was abolished in cholinergic neurons (Figure 1—figure supplement 1).