TGFB1 and neoplasm: Mechanistically, CAFs shape the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, which supports the tumor cells (i) to invade and interact with stromal cells through the secretion of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2); (ii) to amplify immune evasion recruiting immune cells, especially immunosuppressive cells into the tumor stroma; (iii) to promote the establishment of an intratumoral vascular network through proinflammatory and proangiogenic mediators (21).