An altered phenotype in islets from subjects with T2D was observed with an ~ 3-fold increase in the number of pancreatic islet cells (insulin−/synaptophysin+/ALDH1A3+ cells) that no longer expressed any of the major pancreatic hormones, yet retained endocrine features, thus implying dedifferentiation of β cells in T2D [9]. This evidence concerns the gene ALDH1A3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.