In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparison of N-glycan structures of serum AGP between HCC and cirrhosis patients of the three common etiologies (i.e. NASH, ALC, and HCV) in order to determine whether glycosylation patterns of AGP could be used as a marker for early detection of HCC in different etiologies. This evidence concerns the gene ATP5MK and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.