Using A2AR antagonists to improve anti-tumor effects as a combination therapy with either immune checkpoint blockade with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) (Mittal et al., 2014) or anti-CD73 (Young et al., 2016), significantly improved the anti-tumor response and prevented metastasis, showing that blocking adenosine signaling is a promising immunomodulatory strategy (Young et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.