Presumably, the induction of autophagy by BCG85C5 vaccine led to a better IL-1β response, since secretion of vesicles containing IL-1β is partly dependent on autophagy and furthermore, IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-1β self-regulate autophagy through a loop mechanism.106 Neonates have been reported to produce more IL-10 in response to antigens83–86 and show a weaker pro-inflammatory IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-β response enhancing susceptibility to tuberculosis.87 Thus, the third attribute of BCG85C5 vaccine is its ability to induce a robust IL-12, TNFα, and IL-1β response compared with wt-BCG (Figs 2, 3). Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.