➢ Higher leukocyte numbers in infected vs. aseptic samples.➢ Higher numbers of G-MDSCs in infected vs. aseptic samples (no difference in neutrophils or monocytes).➢ Reduced T cell numbers in infected vs. aseptic samples (non-significant).➢ Increased levels of IL-10, IL-6 and CXCL-1 in infected vs. aseptic samples.➢ Accumulation of immune suppressive G-MDSCs in PJIs prevents activation of antimicrobial effector mechanisms by this leading to infection persistence. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and infection.