➢ Upregulation of CD11b and loss of CD28 on CD4 T cells in blood samples of infected patients compared to healthy donors.➢ Increased expression of TLR1,2,4 associated with CD11b+CD28− CD4 T cells in blood samples of infected patients.➢ Accumulation of CD11b+CD28− CD4 T cells and CD57+ CD8 T cells at site of infection.➢ Increased IFN-γ expression by T cells from site of infection.➢ Recruitment and activation of CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in patients with implant-associated bone infections. Here, CD28 is linked to infection.