Interestingly, higher prolonged IL-8 levels were observed with the bacterial TLR agonists LPS and Pam3CSK4 compared to the viral TLR agonist R848, suggesting that neutrophils would be sufficient for control and clearance of bacterial infections, whereas viral infections generally require a Th1 cytotoxic adaptive immune response to prevent infection. Here, CXCL8 is linked to viral infectious disease.