ATP6AP2 and diabetic kidney disease: Although there are still a discrepancy between the plasma levels of prorenin and the effective physiological concentrations for PRR activation in the kidney (Campbell et al., 2009), it has been shown that high plasma prorenin is present in patients with diabetic nephropathy (Franken et al., 1992), a condition that is associated with microvascular pathologies (Chiarelli et al., 2001).