Even though the potent pro-apoptotic effect of YM155 on cancer cells was ascribed to loss of Survivin7,66, YM155 was shown to induce a number of other cytostatic and cytotoxic signals, including inhibition of the phosphorylation of PI3K, ERK1/2, Akt, and STAT3, degradation of EGFR64, DNA damage response67,68, DNA damage, and oxidative stress69. Here, MAPK3 is linked to cancer.