There is limited data presenting the associations of vitamin D intake or circulating 25(OH)D with obesity and metabolic biomarkers, based on common genetic differences in the VDR. For example, Levin et al. in a discovery cohort of 1514 old white participants noted that the association between circulating 25(OH)D and health outcomes including hip fracture, myocardial infarction (MI) and cancer could be modulated by the common genetic variation in the VDR [44]. The gene discussed is VDR; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.