By contrast, the HF patients without AF were more likely to have diabetes mellitus (44.4% vs. 34.4%), previous chronic renal failure (15.4% vs. 12.4%), ischemic heart disease (IHD) (52.5% vs. 30.0%), and cardiomyopathy (29.3% vs. 24.3%); to be a current smoker (22.0% vs. 13.2%); and to have been treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (41.3% vs. 34.1%), angiotensin receptor blockers (47.1% vs. 44.3%), β-blockers (59.7% vs. 56.5%), aspirin (70.7% vs. 57.1%), and statins (53.9% vs. 37.3%). The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is myocardial ischemia.