INS and Hypokalemia: With <3.5 mmol/L as a threshold for hypokalemia, the following factors demonstrated strong significant associations, with Z-score <-4.06 or >4.06 (p <5*10−5): younger age, female sex, black race, higher systolic blood pressure, no history of coronary disease, no use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers, use of potassium-wasting diuretics, use of potassium-sparing diuretics, no use of beta blockers, use of other anti-hypertensive drugs, no use of insulin, and no use of digoxin.