In this subpopulation, concurrent chronic (i.e. chronic kidney disease) and acute comorbidities (i.e. acute heart failure, cerebrovascular thrombosis or atrioventricular block) or concurrent pharmacological treatments (i.e. fondaparinux, human insulin and strontium ranelate) may drive the choice of prescribing carvedilol over metoprolol/bisoprolol/nebivolol. Here, INS is linked to chronic kidney disease.