In this subpopulation, concurrent chronic (i.e. chronic kidney disease) and acute comorbidities (i.e. acute heart failure, cerebrovascular thrombosis or atrioventricular block) or concurrent pharmacological treatments (i.e. fondaparinux, human insulin and strontium ranelate) may drive the choice of prescribing carvedilol over metoprolol/bisoprolol/nebivolol. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is atrioventricular block.