MAPK3 and lung carcinoma: In recent studies, ruthenium(II) complex with methylimidazole induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and caused apoptosis through ROS, MAPK and AKT signaling pathways in human lung carcinoma A549 cells32, meanwhile ruthenium(II) complex with xanthoxylin caused S-phase arrest and ERK1/2-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells by a p53-independent pathway10.