TGF-β stimulation precedes the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in colon cancer cells and sequentially activates NF-κB by binding to TGF-β1 receptor [42], while NF-κB enhances the strength and prolongs the duration of TGF-β/Smad signaling in glioblastoma [17]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to glioblastoma.