TGFB1 and liver dysplastic nodule: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) has been characterized as the primary mediator in renal fibrosis [32], followed by tubulointerstitial injury under hyperglycemia and initiation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mature tubular epithelial cells, which is one of the characteristic features of DN [33,34,35,36,37,38].