CXCL12 and neoplasm: Previous studies have shown that virally delivered CXCR4 antagonist blocks the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis involved in tumor progression by inhibiting local immunosuppression.6, 7, 8, 20 Therefore, we next investigated the effects of sCXCR4-A and OVV-CXCR4-A treatments on intratumoral accumulation of granulocyte-like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) and Tregs within the TME by flow cytometry analyses performed 8 days later, which roughly corresponded to the termination of viral replication in vivo.6