For instance, inhibiting chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2),45 colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R),45, 46 and GM-CSF47 in preclinical models of melanoma and pancreatic, breast, and prostatic carcinoma increased intratumoral T cells and controlled tumor growth, especially when combined with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1/PD-L1. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is prostate carcinoma.