In contrast, established outcome-improving medical treatments of heart failure, including β-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and aldosterone antagonists seem to at least have some effects on modulating cytokine expression, suggesting further work on inflammatory molecules to guide heart failure therapy.17 Even in experimental medicine, there is evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of some complements. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and heart failure.