RET and thyroid gland carcinoma: It was reported that the genes, coding the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling cascade proteins (e.g., RET, RAS, BRAF, PI3K, PTEN, AKT), were significantly mutated in thyroid cancer, which contributed to aberrant activations of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways of thyroid cancer [30].