Similarly, BVDV infection was reported to trigger NF-κB signaling and enhance IL-8 transcription, as the transcription level was observed to be markedly increased after the viral infection, and the immediate early response 3 (IER3) was also reported to inhibit NF-κB activity and downregulate IL-8 expression by approximately 65% [34]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to viral infectious disease.