Based on experimental data on the involvement of oxidative distress in the metabolism of both potential causes of BEN and clinical data on the role of SOD2 rs4880 or GPX1 rs1050450 polymorphisms in ESRD and TCC risk as major BEN complications, we hypothesized that these genetic polymorphisms also influence the risk of BEN and its associated tumors. The gene discussed is GPX1; the disease is Balkan nephropathy.