Therefore, further investigations with larger sample size and more rigorous designs and mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the role of antioxidant enzymes SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 polymorphisms in modifying the BEN risk, as well as, the risk of uroepithelial tumors in BEN patients. This evidence concerns the gene SOD2 and Balkan nephropathy.