MAPK1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Of note, new evidence relating to the capacity of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 to induce RAS/ERK/CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) and activate T-helper cells, regulatory T-cells and T-helper17 (Th17) cells has also come to the fore [83], since elevated levels of IL-6 were found to be associated with inflammation in diseases such as RA, multiple sclerosis, asthma, inflammation-associated cancer [83], and inflammatory bowel disease [42,84,85].