SPP1 and lung cancer: In another study, where the transmembrane 4 L6 family member 4 (TM4SF4) known to promote cancer was studied, authors demonstrated that OPN induced by upregulated β-catenin via TM4SF4-driven phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3b (GSK3β) activated the JAK2/STAT3 or FAK/STAT3 pathway in human lung cancer cells, which also upregulates OPN expression in an autocrine manner [118].