TNF-α upregulated the expression of VCAM-1 in vascular endothelium, which is a ligand of very late activation antigen 4 (VLA-4) on cancer cells, and finally enhanced the adhesion and fusion between oral cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells through the VCAM-1/VLA-4 pathway [87]. Here, TNF is linked to lip and oral cavity carcinoma.