PVT1 and neoplasm: PVT1 has been shown to be involved in the following steps during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and distant metastasis of cancer cells: (1) alteration of the adhesion between tumor cells and the surrounding tissues, and influence on cell detachment from the primary focus; (2) degradation of the extracellular matrix; (3) enhancement of cancer cell motility via modification of cytoskeleton; and (4) promotion of angiogenesis in tumor tissues (33).