Thus, there are increased levels of infiltrated M1 macrophages, cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin (IL)-1β (7) around the tumor site. Here, PTGS2 is linked to neoplasm.