TXN and cancer: While a moderate level of ROS activates the expression of pro-survival genes, such as HIF1A andGLUT1, a high level of ROS in cancer cells trigger metabolism dysregulation and protein translation, resulting in the increase of ROS production.117 As excessive ROS level is toxic to cells, cancer cells upregulate various antioxidant systems, such as glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant pathways.118 Developing studies reported that modulating ROS level is a potential strategy to eliminate various cancer cells.