BRAF and melanoma: Melanomagenesis is associated with driver mutations in the MAPK pathway, including activating changes in codons L597, V600, or K601 of BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; 50% of melanomas) or Q61 of NRAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog; 20%); amplification or activating mutations of C-KIT (2-8%), or LOF mutations in the tumor suppressor NFI (nuclear factor I; 10-20%).