MDM2 and breast cancer: Among the most amplified genes, we find the oncogenes SOX2 (Bass et al., 2009), EGFR (Bell et al., 2005), and MDM2 (Momand et al., 1998), and also a noncoding gene, PVT1, the most amplified gene in breast cancer, with proven but as-of-yet uncharacterized proto-oncogenic effects (Colombo et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017).