The biological parameters included in our analysis are blood and urine markers routinely measured in SLE management, as well as four candidate immune biomarkers readily detected in patient samples (9), namely three type I interferon (IFN) inducible chemokines CCL19, CCL2, and CXCL10, which reflect IFN activity in SLE (14), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which has also been identified as a target for SLE (9). The gene discussed is MIF; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.