The biological parameters included in our analysis are blood and urine markers routinely measured in SLE management, as well as four candidate immune biomarkers readily detected in patient samples (9), namely three type I interferon (IFN) inducible chemokines CCL19, CCL2, and CXCL10, which reflect IFN activity in SLE (14), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which has also been identified as a target for SLE (9). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and systemic lupus erythematosus.