Pre-clinical experiments in mice and chickens have also revealed that chitosan polymers are efficient mucosal adjuvants for DNA (158) or protein influenza subunit vaccines either admixed with influenza Ags (144, 159) or as coating agents on the surface of polyamines (69, 160) or polyesters (161, 162) nanoparticles containing influenza Ags (see sections Chitosan and Polyamine polymers). This evidence concerns the gene JAG1 and influenza.