RIGI and infection: RIG-I and MDA5 appear to differentially induce IFN1 in response to different viral pathogens (17), with RIG-I generally responding most potently to negative-strand RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses (18, 19), bunyaviruses (20, 21), filoviruses (22), and rhabdoviruses (18, 23) as well as the positive-stranded Japanese encephalitis virus (18), while MDA5 is activated during infection by positive-strand picornaviruses (18, 24, 25) and arteriviruses (26, 27) as well as by hepatitis D virus (28), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (29).