MTOR and cancer: In particular, DNA strand-breaking (Westendorf and Regan, 2000), activation of protein phosphatase 2C (Ahlemeyer et al., 2001), abrogation of STAT3 signaling (Baek et al., 2017b) and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway (Baek et al., 2017a), transformation of mitochondria and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Hecker et al., 2002), as well as inhibition of SIRT (Ryckewaert et al., 2014) may account for cytotoxic and anti-cancer properties of GA.