DSP and peripheral neuropathy: We demonstrated that conditioned media from gp120-treated rat Schwannoma cells induced a rise in the levels of intracellular calcium and increase in cytosolic ROS in DRG neuron, both of which have been implicated in the development of peripheral neuropathy and/or HIV DSP (Salvemini et al., 2011; Materazzi et al., 2012; Iida et al., 2016).