On the other hand, numerous human clinical trials of bile acids targeting gastrointestinal disease have been carried out.(13–15) In recent years, several metabolites of bile acids (BAs) have been shown to regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as energy homeostasis, in both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, through positive and negative regulation of the activation of BA-specific receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (TGR)-5. This evidence concerns the gene NR1H4 and gastrointestinal disease.