CCL2 and HIV infectious disease: Either HIV infection or exposure to viral proteins (i.e., gp120, Nef, Tat, p17) induced CCL2 and/or CCR2 expression in different cell types [i.e., monocytes/macrophages, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells] [5].