ELISA showed that, up to 100 mM of lactose or sucrose (the osmolarity control of lactose) did not affect the release of cytokines (including IL1β, IL6, TNFα, and IL10) by HD microglia (Fig. 5b), suggesting that Gal3 might not regulate the inflammatory response through an extracellular site. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Huntington disease.